Comment interroger directement un champ imbriqué sans spécifier le champ parent ?

C'est simple, changez simplement votre schéma.

https://mongoplayground.net/p/npSvVzbnsyk

  {
    "name": "device1",
    "modules": [
      {
        "k": "camera",
        "v": 3
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "device2",
    "modules": [
      {
        "k": "wifi",
        "v": 3
      },
      {
        "k": "camera",
        "v": 2
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "name": "device3",
    "modules": [
      {
        "k": "wifi",
        "v": 2
      }
    ]
  }

db.collection.find({"modules.v": 3})